The stunning spectacle of the Aurora Borealis dances over Greenland
Could our planet be under attack from the unearthly forces that cast a mysterious glow across the poles, disrupting life as we know it?
The strange, beautiful coloured lights that circle the Earth's polar regions are a source of fascination for many.
But as the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, dance in the frozen skies over Alaska, scientists' trigger fingers are poised to launch rockets.
The researchers at the world's largest land-based rocket range hope to learn more about these storms and their impact on lives in the northern hemisphere.
Continue reading the main storyWHAT CAUSES THE AURORA?
It all starts at the sun: the outer layers of the sun are constantly evaporating, and are blown into space. We call that the solar wind.
The magnetic field of the Earth is an obstacle for the solar wind, and it diverts the wind to flow around Earth by a wide margin (about 10-15 times Earth's diameter).
In doing so, the solar wind exchanges energy with Earth's magnetic field and the particles that are trapped inside this field.
Some of this energy gets dissipated by accelerating trapped particles along the field lines towards the polar regions.
There these energetic electrons collide with the neutral atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere.
This causes the components of the upper atmosphere to glow, and create aurora.
The luminous sheets of light might look spectacular, but they are also visual indicators of geomagnetic storms in space that can interfere with satellites, power grids, navigation and communication systems. They can even corrode oil pipelines.
It is this disruption that the researchers are trying to help mitigate.
Rocket menThe Poker Flat Research Range's location in central Alaska makes it the perfect place to study, and film, the Aurora Borealis.
So filmmakers headed there to capture footage both of the natural phenomenon and the scientists' explosive experiments for the BBC series Frozen Planet.
They worked with a team from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Geophysical Institute - the only academic institution in the world with its own scientific rocket-launching facility.
Since 1969, hundreds of rockets have been launched from the base in an attempt to gain new perspectives on the interaction between the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment.
Scientists in Alaska use rockets to study the aurora and understand the impact of the phenomenon on Earth
For almost 10 years, aurora expert Professor Dirk Lummerzheim's project has studied the Northern Lights.
His project combines sophisticated technology with what are in essence simple smoke signals.
"We wanted to study how the upper atmosphere gets set in motion by the aurora," he explains. "This is important because the wind at auroral altitude might affect satellite velocity.
"Moving the atmosphere around also changes its electrical properties, which would affect GPS and satellite communication, as well as short-wave long-distance radio communication."
Continue reading the main storyFILMING A ROCKET
Producer Dan Rees and cameraman Mark Payne-Gill filmed the rocket research for Frozen Planet using a combination of kit.
They used a traditional film camera to capture the moment the rocket launched so the brief, explosive event could be slowed down for audiences to savour.
But for the light display the opposite technique was needed.
"A normal film camera won't work. There's so little light you need a long exposure," explained Mr Rees.
So the two-man crew took timelapse footage of the aurora using digital stills cameras, taking a photo every 10 seconds.
On winter nights illuminated by green waves, the team fire "sounding rockets" 60 miles straight up into the light displays.
Taking their name from the nautical term "to sound", meaning to take measurements, these rockets do not blast into orbit but simply roar upwards before falling back down to Earth.
As the rockets arc through the atmosphere, they release a plume of smoke which scientists on the ground can track using sophisticated filming equipment.
Space weatherStudying the footage and using the stars as known points of reference, researchers can track how the smoke plumes descend, and use these patterns to calculate wind speeds in the upper atmosphere.
"Chemical trails released by rockets have shown that the aurora dramatically alters upper atmospheric winds," says Dr Mark Conde, another member of the university's Space Physics and Aeronomy group.
But what does this mean for people on the ground?
By taking measurements of atmospheric winds during light displays, scientists hope to get to grips with the geomagnetic activity responsible for them.
"By understanding how these geomagnetic storms are caused, we may eventually be able to predict them more reliably," says Prof Lummerzheim.
"If we can predict space weather, we can prepare for it and mitigate the dangers."
Frozen Planet is on Wednesdays on BBC One at 2100 GMT.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/15921547
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